Oil sands, also known as tar sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. They consist of a mixture of sand, water, clay, and a thick, viscous form of petroleum called bitumen. The sands are typically found in large deposits in specific regions around the world, notably in Canada, Venezuela, and to a lesser extent, in several other countries.

The process of extracting oil from oil sands involves mining the sands or extracting the bitumen through in-situ methods, where the bitumen is heated underground and them pumped to the surface. Both methods are complex and often involve significant environmental considerations due to the energy-intensive nature of extraction and potential impacts on local ecosystems, water resources, and greenhouse gas emissions.

The ground where oil sands are located can vary in terms of its composition and geological characteristics. Generally, it consists of layers of sandstone or other sedimentary rocks containing the bitumen deposits. Extraction processes often involve disturbing the ground through mining or drilling operations, which can have various effects on the surrounding environment. Environmental management practices and regulations are typically implemented to mitigate these impacts.

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